Articles, Alerts & Perspectives

The Legal Intelligencer

(by Molly Meacham)

Even in ordinary times, keeping up with an ever-changing employment law landscape is a compliance challenge for businesses.  The extraordinary circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic sparked unprecedented compliance challenges for employers, including workplace safety issues, additional temporary leave requirements, and interpreting existing obligations through the lens of COVID-19.

Compliance obligations for employers are continuing to evolve in 2021.  Presidential administration change and a change in the majority party in the U.S. Senate each typically cause new and revised legislation and regulations.  Combined with the ongoing pandemic, the result is continued significant alteration to the legal and regulatory framework that will impact employers in 2021 and beyond.  These developing issues include worker classification under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), a temporary expansion of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA), and COVID-19 workplace safety issues relating to fully vaccinated employees.

FLSA Independent Contractor Rule Withdrawn

One of the most important baseline employment-related determinations a business can make is whether a worker is properly classified as an employee or an independent contractor under the FLSA.  Worker misclassification is a frequently-litigated issue that represents significant legal exposure for businesses, as damages for misclassification can include retroactive application of minimum wage and overtime requirements, the value of employee benefits that were not provided, any legally-mandated sick time, or self-employment tax paid by the worker.

In the last weeks of the Trump administration in early 2021 the Department of Labor (DOL) issued a Final Rule seeking to clarify the independent contractor test and make it easier to identify workers covered by the FLSA.  The traditional independent contractor test contains six non-exclusive factors which the DOL’s Wage and Hour Division and the federal courts evaluate on a case-by-case basis to determine whether a worker is, as a matter of economic reality, dependent on the employer for work or in business for themselves, with no single factor considered dispositive.  …

RMMLF Mineral Law Newsletter

(Joseph K. Reinhart, Sean M. McGovern and Casey J. Snyder)

On February 16, 2021, the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court affirmed the Pennsylvania Environmental Hearing Board’s (EHB) decision to deny environmental groups’ petition for attorney’s fees after a settlement with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) in a third-party permit appeal over Sunoco Pipeline L.P.’s (Sunoco) Mariner East 2 pipeline because neither side acted in “bad faith.” Clean Air Council v. PADEP, 245 A.3d 1207 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2021). After the plaintiffs settled the dispute at the EHB over permits issued to Sunoco for its Mariner East 2 pipeline, the plaintiffs filed an application with the EHB to recover costs and fees of the litigation totaling nearly $230,000 from Sunoco, which was not a party to the settlement. Id. at 1210. The EHB applied a stricter standard for recovering fees from a private party than in applications to recover fees from PADEP, requiring the plaintiffs to show the private party acted in “bad faith.” Id. at 1211. Under this standard, the EHB reasoned, permittees would not be “dissuaded from vigorously protecting their interests . . . in good faith.” Id. (quoting Clean Air Council v. PADEP, 2019 EHB 228, 236). Finding no bad faith, the EHB denied the plaintiffs’ application for costs and fees. Id.

The plaintiffs appealed the decision to the commonwealth court, arguing that the EHB should have applied the less stringent “catalyst test,” which would have required the plaintiffs to meet an easier standard: that the opposing party provided some benefit the fee-requesting party sought, the suit stated a genuine claim, and their appeal was a substantial or significant reason why the opposing party provided the benefit the fee-requesting party sought in the underlying suit. …

RMMLF Mineral Law Newsletter

(By Joseph K. Reinhart, Sean M. McGovern, Daniel P. Hido and Gina N. Falaschi)

Continuing from previous publications of this Newsletter, this report provides updates on the Pennsylvania Environmental Quality Board’s (EQB) proposed CO2 Budget Trading Program rulemaking, which would link Pennsylvania’s program to and implement the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) within the commonwealth. See Vol. XXXVIII, No. 1 (2021), Vol. XXXVII, No. 4 (2020), Vol. XXXVII, No. 3 (2020), Vol. XXXVII, No. 2 (2020), Vol. XXXVII, No. 1 (2020), Vol. XXXVI, No. 4 (2019) of this Newsletter.

After the public comment period closed in January 2021, the Independent Regulatory Review Commission (IRRC) issued its comments on the proposed rule on February 16, 2021. See Comments of the Independent Regulatory Review Commission, Environmental Quality Board Regulation #7-559 (IRRC #3274), CO2 Budget Trading Program (Feb. 16, 2021).

The IRRC’s comments, based on criteria in section 5b of Pennsylvania’s Regulatory Review Act, 71 Pa. Stat. § 745.5b, addressed the significant objections to the proposed rule from the members of the regulated community and general assembly. The comments recommended that EQB explain the choice to institute the program through regulation rather than legislation, provide analysis of its statutory authority to enact the proposal, and consider recommendations from commentators on public health, safety, and welfare, economic or fiscal impact, and adequacy of data. The IRRC also asked EQB to consider delaying the implementation of the rulemaking for one year to give the regulated community an opportunity to adjust business plans to account for increased costs associated with Pennsylvania joining RGGI. Under the Regulatory Review Act process, EQB will respond to these comments, and other public comments, when finalizing this rulemaking. …

RMMLF Water Law Newsletter

(By Lisa M. Bruderly)

On May 12, 2021, the Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh Districts of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) jointly issued a 15-day public notice (SPN 21-26), requesting comments on whether to reinstate certain 2017 and 2021 nationwide permits (NWPs) that are suspended in parts of Pennsylvania. The comment period closed on May 27, 2021.

The reinstatement is being proposed in case Pennsylvania State Programmatic General Permit 6 (PASPGP-6) is not finalized and issued prior to the expiration of Pennsylvania’s current state programmatic general permit (PASPGP-5) on June 30, 2021. At present, if PASPGP-6 is not issued before July 1, 2021, most projects in Pennsylvania impacting federally regulated waters would be required to obtain individual Clean Water Act § 404 permits. Obtaining an individual permit is typically a more lengthy and complicated process than obtaining coverage under a programmatic general permit or NWP.

State Programmatic General Permit

The PASPGP is the mechanism that the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) and the Corps rely upon to permit most projects in Pennsylvania that impact federally regulated waters, but do not require an individual section 404 permit. PASPGP-6 allows applicants to obtain both federal section 404 permits and state water obstruction and encroachment permits for qualified projects impacting federal and state regulated waters.

PASPGP-6 has not yet been finalized. The draft PASPGP-6 was published for public comment on September 4, 2020. See Corps, Special Pub. Notice SPN-20-57 (Sept. 4, 2020); see also Vol. LIII, No. 3 (2020) of this Newsletter. The public comment period closed on October 4, 2020. On February 12, 2021, PADEP issued a conditional state water quality certification (SWQC) under section 401 of the Clean Water Act, which certifies that activities authorized by PASPGP-6 would comply with the commonwealth’s water quality standards if the applicant complies with the following conditions and “constructs, operates and maintains the project in compliance with the terms and conditions of State permits . …

Pittsburgh Business Times

20 People to Know connects the Pittsburgh-area business community with influential businesspeople working in key industries. In this installment of 20 People to Know, the Pittsburgh Business Times focused on legal professionals.

These listings are not meant to be comprehensive or a ranking, but rather an introduction to some of the behind-the-scenes players, key leaders and up-and-comers. Those selected offered their wisdom and thoughts on the region’s legal marketplace during this turbulent and transformative time.

Named to this list, Molly Meacham became co-chair of Babst Calland’s Litigation Group two years ago and recently was appointed to the firm’s board and is a member of its Emergency Response Committee. She also works in Babst’s Emerging Technologies Group, where she helps to bridge the litigation and mobility/transport practices. Her practice has two primary aspects: representing companies in commercial litigation and employment litigation matters, and serving as outside counsel providing companies with human resources advice and counseling.

For the full article, click here.

Washington, DC

Renewables Law Blog

(By Ben Clapp)

Developers of renewables projects are once again facing regulatory uncertainty regarding the scope of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (“MBTA”) as a result of a proposed rule issued on May 7 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (“USFWS”).  The proposed rule, if finalized as issued, would revoke a rule issued in the last days of the Trump administration stipulating that deaths of migratory birds occurring incidental to lawful activities (i.e., incidental take) are not prohibited under the MBTA.

The proposed rule represents the latest development in a long-running debate.  At issue is whether the MBTA, a law passed in 1918 that was originally intended to prevent the extinction of migratory bird species due to commercial trade and hunting practices, prohibits the incidental taking of protected birds as a result of activities that are otherwise lawful, such as the operation of wind turbines or the clearing of land for a solar project, or whether the law prohibits only the intentional take (i.e., purposeful killing) of protected species.  The issue has resulted in a split among U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals, as well as completely opposite legal interpretations issued by two Solicitors of the Department of Interior within the span of one year in 2017.

By revoking the prior rule, the USFWS would revert to interpreting the MBTA to prohibit incidental take of birds protected under the act, and to employing agency discretion in determining whether an incidental take of such birds warrants an enforcement action.  The proposed rule highlights the need for renewable project developers to implement best practices for avoiding the unintended take of protected migratory birds as a means of qualifying for agency enforcement discretion and thus avoiding fines for noncompliance.  …

Smart Business 

(by Sue Ostrowski featuring Carl Ronald)

If you’re considering selling your innovative product or commercializing your novel processes in another country, protecting your innovations with a patent in that country may be key to your success. But trying to navigate the process alone can prove difficult.

“It’s surprising how complicated it can be, and there are a lot of places to get tripped up,” says Carl Ronald, shareholder at Babst Calland. “While you can try to do it on your own, hiring a patent attorney can make the process much smoother, ensuring you are including all relevant information and complying with all relevant deadlines to protect your invention in the most cost-effective way possible.”

Smart Business spoke with Ronald about when you might need international protection and how a patent attorney can help you navigate the complex process.

When should a company consider applying for a patent outside the U.S.?

A U.S. patent only provides a protectable interest here in the U.S.; you can’t stop someone from using what your patent teaches to compete with you in other countries unless you’ve timely filed in those countries, as well. If you have an international customer base that is purchasing products or services that, in the future, may be produced with, employ, or contain your patented process or device, you should seek protection, at a bare minimum, in those countries where your anticipated market is largest.

Keep in mind the importance of secrecy before filing your application. In the U.S., you have one year to file a patent application covering your invention after you disclose it publicly. Other nations are not so lenient and, in many countries, any disclosure of your invention to someone who does not have an obligation of confidentiality will destroy novelty and likely preclude you from ever obtaining a patent in that country. …

The Legal Intelligencer

(by Lisa Bruderly)

State and federal water law permitting can pose significant obstacles for energy infrastructure construction projects that impact waterbodies (e.g., wells pads, access roads, natural gas/oil pipelines). The following five new and proposed regulatory changes are likely to significantly affect project design and construction in Pennsylvania.

1. Waters of the United States (WOTUS)

The definition of WOTUS identifies which waters are federally-regulated under the Clean Water Act (CWA), and, therefore, determines when a federal permit is required for projects that involve dredging or filling of a waterbody (i.e., a Section 404 permit). The current WOTUS definition was promulgated in 2020 under the Trump administration. It has been criticized by environmental groups as federally regulating fewer types of waterbodies than the WOTUS definition promulgated under the Obama administration. For example, ephemeral streams are not regulated under the current WOTUS definition.

President Joseph R. Biden Jr. has asked the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (the Corps) and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to consider revising or rescinding the current definition. He has also asked courts to stay judicial challenges to the current WOTUS definition while his administration reconsiders the issue.

The Biden administration is expected to propose its own definition of WOTUS, which will, undoubtedly, be more expansive than the current definition and require more projects to obtain federal CWA permitting. Among other things, the Biden administration’s definition of WOTUS is likely to regulate waters (including ephemeral streams) that are considered to have a “significant nexus” with traditionally navigable waters. This definitional change is expected to extend the time and increase cost of permitting for many energy construction projects.

2. Nationwide Permits (NWPs)

In Pennsylvania, qualifying projects impacting federally regulated waters may be eligible for one of two types of Section 404 general permits (i.e. …

Pittsburgh, PA

Renewables Law Blog

(By Blaine Lucas)

With the development of large-scale renewable energy projects, municipal land use officials and private developers face the dilemma of how to classify and address such uses when zoning ordinances do not expressly mention them. Such omissions may be intentional, or, more often, may simply be the result of failures to update their ordinances to account for the changing energy production market.

A recent example of how these issues play out was a decision by the Lower Mount Bethel Township, Northampton County Zoning Hearing Board. There, Glidepath Ventures, LLC d/b/a Prospect 14, desired to construct a 61,000 solar panel facility to generate electricity for public consumption within the Township. The developer had targeted a 130-acre property located largely within the Township’s Agricultural District, and partially within its Conservation District. The Township zoning ordinance does not permit solar panel facilities in any district but does permit “any other use not otherwise listed in any zoning district” as a conditional use within the Township’s Industrial District. Although the developer argued that there was no suitable undeveloped property within the Industrial District, the Township’s expert testified that there was a suitable site within that zone, although the undeveloped space was limited.

At bifurcated hearings spanning several months, the Developer initially sought a use variance to allow the solar facility in the Agricultural and Conservation Districts or, in the alternative, challenged the validity of the Zoning Ordinance, alleging that it was legally defective by excluding the proposed use. After finding that the developer had failed to establish the requisite unnecessary hardship for the grant of a use variance, the Board considered whether the use was either de jure or de facto exclusionary by either expressly or in practice prohibiting the legitimate solar facility use. …

The PIOGA Press

(by Gary Steinbauer and Gina Falaschi)

On April 28, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed a joint resolution, known as S.J. Res. 14, retroactively revoking a Trump administration rule revising Obama-era Clean Air Act New Source Performance Standards for the Crude Oil and Natural Gas Industry at 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subparts OOOO and OOOOa (NSPS) that were initially promulgated in 2012 and 2016. The joint resolution, if enacted into law, would reinstate Obama administration rules regulating the methane emissions from the oil and natural gas industrial sector, including the production, processing, transmission and storage segments.

The Trump administration’s Policy Amendments rule
The joint resolution takes aims at a specific Trump administration rule published in the Federal Register on September 14, 2020. Referred to as the “Policy Amendments,” the rule resulted in four key changes to these NSPS, which were promulgated in 2012 and 2016.

First, the Policy Amendments removed the transmission and storage segment, including transmission compressor stations, pneumatic controllers and underground storage vessels. In removing the transmission and storage segments from regulation under the NSPS, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that the segments were improperly regulated because the statutory-mandated finding that sources contribute significantly to air pollution was not made when the segments were added to the industrial sector and the NSPS in 2012 and 2016.

Second, the Policy Amendments rescinded the methane emission requirements for the production and processing segments of the sector, which include various emission sources at well sites, gathering and boosting compressor stations, and natural gas processing plants.

Third, by removing the methane limits on the production and processing segments, the Policy Amendments eliminated the Clean Air Act (CAA) requirement to regulate methane emissions from existing sources from within these segments. …