Articles, Alerts & Perspectives

Smart Business

(by Jayne Gest with Christian A. Farmakis)

In 2013, San Francisco seed accelerator Y Combinator created a Simple Agreement for Future Equity (SAFE), which can be used in lieu of a convertible note. SAFEs spread throughout the California investment community. Now they’re entering regions like Pittsburgh. Investors, however, haven’t always embraced SAFEs as a reasonable vehicle for seed investment. They may be hesitant or uncomfortable with them.

Christian A. Farmakis, shareholder and chairman of the board at Babst Calland, first encountered SAFEs a few years ago when making a personal investment.

“I didn’t know much about it at the time. I initially thought, ‘How is this different than a convertible note?’” he says. “I read it and thought: ‘If the investment goes well, I’m largely in the same position. If the investment doesn’t go well, I will never be repaid, but I never expected to be.’ So, I signed it.”

Smart Business spoke with Farmakis about what entrepreneurs and investors need to understand about SAFEs.

What are the similarities and differences between SAFEs and convertible notes?

A SAFE is essentially a warrant (a contractual right to purchase equity upon the occurrence of a future triggering event, like a later priced investment round), but with the purchase price paid upfront.

SAFEs are like convertible notes in many ways. They can (a) include a discount on the per share price — a 20 percent discount would provide the investor 125 shares rather than 100; (b) include a valuation cap, capping the investor dilution when the triggering event occurs; and (c) give pricing protection for early investors. Because both are early-stage investment vehicles, the price per equity unit is not determined because the company has no company valuation. …

PITTSBURGH, January 2, 2019 – Babst Calland recently named Meredith L. Calfe, Kate H. Cooper, Alana E. Fortna and Rachel E. James shareholders in the Firm.

Meredith Calfe, a member of the Firm’s Energy and Natural Resources Group, concentrates her practice on counseling oil and gas clients on mineral-related transaction matters, including title examination, due diligence and curative work.

Ms. Calfe is a 2009 graduate of the University of Pittsburgh School of Law.

Kate Cooper, a member of the Firm’s Corporate and Commercial Group, counsels for-profit and non-profit entities in connection with mergers, acquisitions and divestitures, and a broad range of general corporate matters, including business planning and structuring, commercial contracts, securities law matters and governance issues.

Ms. Cooper is a 2010 graduate, cum laude, of Boston College Law School.

Alana Fortna is a member of the Firm’s Litigation, Environmental, Employment and Labor, and Emerging Technologies groups. Ms. Fortna represents clients in complex commercial litigation with a focus primarily on environmental litigation, including large-scale cost recovery actions under CERCLA and state law statutes, actions seeking injunctive relief under RCRA, and citizens’ suits brought under various federal statutes and regulatory programs. She also leverages her litigation experience to help companies and other entities with emerging technologies strike a balance between innovation and risk management.

Ms. Fortna is a 2010 graduate, magna cum laude, of Duquesne University School of Law.

Rachel James, a member of the Firm’s Energy and Natural Resources Group, represents energy clients on oil, gas and mineral-related transaction matters, including title examination, due diligence activities, curative work and the acquisition and disposition of oil and gas fee and leasehold assets. …

The Legal Intelligencer

(by Blaine A. Lucas and Alyssa E. Golfieri)

Pennsylvania municipalities are “creatures of the state” and thus may only exercise those powers expressly and implicitly delegated to them by the General Assembly. One area in which municipalities have been delegated authority is the regulation of land uses. The Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code, 53 P.S. Section 10101 et seq., establishes the framework for zoning and subdivision and land development regulation in Pennsylvania. However, a municipality’s powers are not without limitation. The General Assembly, by statute, has constrained the manner and degree to which municipalities can regulate certain types of land use. The Pennsylvania Right-to-Farm Act, 3 P.S. Section 951 et seq., (RTFA) and the Pennsylvania Agricultural, Communities and Rural Environment Act, 3 Pa.C.S. Section 311 et seq., (ACRE) are two such examples.

The RTFA was enacted in 1982 for the purpose of limiting the circumstances under which “normal agricultural operations” may be the subject matter of nuisance suits and zoning regulations. Specifically, the RTFA mandates that every municipality regulating a public nuisance exempt from its scope “normal agricultural operations” as long as the operations do not have a “direct adverse effect on the public health and safety.” It also requires municipalities to permit the direct sale of agricultural commodities on property owned and operated by a landowner who produces 50 percent or more of the commodities sold, regardless of applicable zoning regulations.

In 2005, the General Assembly recognized that owners and operators of normal agricultural operations needed a cost and time efficient way to challenge local regulatory actions running afoul of the RTFA and, in response, enacted ACRE. ACRE provides a means for those engaged in these activities to challenge and seek the invalidation of unauthorized ordinances or enforcement actions related to those ordinances. …

The PIOGA Press
(by Meredith Odato Graham and Gary E. Steinbauer)
In 2016, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency finalized a rule that established first-time federal standards for methane emissions from new, modified, and reconstructed sources in the oil and gas industry. The so-called new source performance standards (NSPS) at 40 C.F.R. 60, Subpart OOOOa (Subpart OOOOa), have since become the subject of considerable debate and litigation. Consistent with the Trump administration’s other deregulatory efforts, EPA published a proposal in the Federal Register in October that aims to reduce the Subpart OOOOa regulatory burden for industry.
EPA estimates that the proposed improvements to the rule could save industry tens of millions of dollars in compliance costs each year. EPA held a public hearing in November and is accepting stakeholder comments through December 17.
Significant changes to applicable requirements
The 52-page rulemaking notice describes several proposed amendments to Subpart OOOOa. EPA is addressing certain issues that were presented to the agency in formal petitions for reconsideration, as well as “other implementation issues and technical corrections” brought to the agency’s attention after Subpart OOOOa was promulgated. For example, it is proposing significant changes to the requirements for fugitive emissions components, including revised leak monitoring frequencies. Whereas the current regulation subjects well sites to semiannual leak monitoring, the revised Subpart OOOOa would require monitoring every other year for low production well sites and annually for all other well sites. The required frequency of compressor station monitoring would be reduced from quarterly to either semiannual or annual. (The proposal includes distinct monitoring requirements for well sites and compressor stations on the Alaska North Slope.) EPA also is proposing to reduce the schedule for repairing leaks from 30 to 60 days. …

The American Oil & Gas Reporter
(by Jean M. Mosites, Keith J. Coyle and Krista-Ann M. Staley)
PITTSBURGH–The Marcellus and Utica shale plays account for some 30 percent of total U.S. natural gas output, compared with only 3 percent a decade ago. The Appalachian Basin’s rapid growth in natural gas and natural gas liquids production has occurred despite relatively low natural gas prices, driven by greater well productivity from improved drilling and completion techniques, including longer laterals and optimized well spacing.
Additionally, infrastructure build-out in the region, including the development of significant interstate pipeline projects featuring large-scale transmission of natural gas and NGLs (such as the Rover, Nexus and Mariner East 1 projects), has allowed access to Northeast population centers to increase demand for Appalachian-derived natural gas resources. Continued innovations in the industry, such as improvements to water logistics, likely will be important to reduce operational costs and further improve efficiency to maintain growth.
While the industry continues forging ahead in the Marcellus, Utica and conventional Appalachian plays, the legal landscape continues to evolve with everchanging federal and state environmental and safety regulations, along with a variety of local government requirements across the basin. The federal and state courts, legislatures and regulatory agencies continue to address a variety of issues that affect all facets of oil and gas development in the multistate region.
These decisions and developments not only affect drilling and production, but also the midstream and transportation infrastructure that is so critical to Appalachian producers’ ability to market their production. This article summarizes developments in the legal and regulatory landscape facing oil and gas producers and midstream operators in the Appalachian Basin.
In October 2016, the Marcellus Shale Coalition filed a petition in the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court challenging seven new provisions in 25 Pa. …

The PIOGA Press

(by Blaine A. Lucas and Robert Max Junker)

On October 26, the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court published an en banc opinion in Frederick v. Allegheny Township Zoning Hearing Board, et al., No. 2295 C.D. 2015, 2018 WL 5303462 (Pa. Cmwlth. Oct. 26, 2018) rejecting a challenge to the validity of the Allegheny Township, Westmoreland County, zoning ordinance. The court addressed the contention of oil and gas industry opponents that an unconventional natural gas well pad can be permitted only in an industrial zoning district. After reviewing the detailed record developed in the substantive validity challenge decided by the township Zoning Hearing Board and addressing recent Pennsylvania Supreme Court decisions on shale gas drilling, the court in a 5-2 decision rejected this “one size fits all” proposition. It found that state law empowers municipalities to determine where well sites are appropriate and compatible with other land uses within their boundaries.

Background

In 2010, the township Board of Supervisors enacted a zoning ordinance amendment that allowed oil and gas well operations in all zoning districts as a use permitted “as of right,” provided the applicant satisfied numerous specified standards to protect the public health, safety, and welfare. A use permitted “as of right” requires administrative approval; it does not require public notice or a hearing.

In 2014, CNX Gas Company, LLC applied to the township for a zoning permit to develop an unconventional well pad (Porter Pad) in the R-2 Agricultural/Residential Zoning District and submitted all the information required by the 2010 ordinance. Once CNX received the zoning permit, three nearby individuals (the objectors) appealed to the board. They challenged the granting of the permit and raised a substantive validity challenge to the 2010 ordinance. …

The PIOGA Press

(by Lisa M. Bruderly and Gary E. Steinbauer)

Recent developments regarding two facets of Clean Water Act (CWA) regulation could affect natural gas pipeline siting/permitting and exploration and production activities in Pennsylvania and elsewhere. The first issue is the ongoing challenge to define “waters of the United States,” with the definition recently changing in Pennsylvania. The second issue is the concept of Clean Water Act liability extending to releases to ground water that eventually make their way to surface water (known as the “conduit” theory of liability).

Definition of “water of the United States”

It is widely known that in 2015 the Obama administration promulgated a new definition of the term “water of the United States” (WOTUS) in a rule commonly referred to as the Clean Water Rule (CWR). Industry and states promptly filed lawsuits challenging the CWR as an unlawful expansion of the types of waters subject to regulation under the CWA. Among other issues, the expanded definition increased the types of waters that were subject to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) jurisdiction. With the increased scope of federal jurisdiction, a pipeline project or exploration and production activities could impact a larger quantity of waters that were now considered to be regulated and require more complicated, costly and time-consuming permitting under Section 404 of the CWA. In some instances, a project could not be permitted due to the extent of impacts.

Almost immediately after the CWR was issued, lawsuits challenged it. Until 2018, the CWR was stayed (i.e., suspended) throughout the United States based on a nationwide injunction issued by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. The nationwide judicial stay was lifted following a decision by the U.S. …

Insitute for Energy Law Oil & Gas E-Report

(by Jean M. Mosites)

On June 1, 2018, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court largely affirmed and partially vacated a November 8, 2016 temporary injunction granted to the Marcellus Shale Coalition (MSC) in its challenge to several new regulations that had been promulgated by the Pennsylvania Environmental Quality Board on October 8, 2016.

MSC had filed a Petition for Review of limited sections of the new Chapter 78a Regulations on October 13, 2016, seeking expedited relief in the form of a temporary injunction of the challenged regulations pending review and resolution on the merits.

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