March 26, 2018

PHMSA Eyes Progress in Pipeline Safety Rulemaking Proceedings

Pipeline & Gas Journal 

(by Keith Coyle)

Having recently filled the two most important political appointments at the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), the Trump administration appears ready to take further action on two rulemaking proceedings that could reshape the nation’s federal safety standards for hazardous liquid and natural gas pipelines.

Howard R. Elliott was recently sworn in as PHMSA’s administrator. Elliot brings more than four decades of experience in the freight rail industry to his new leadership position, including expertise in the areas of hazardous material safety and security.

He previously received the Association of American Railroads (AAR) Holden-Proefrock Award for lifetime achievement for hazardous materials safety, served on AAR’s Risk Management Working Committee and Security Committee, and is a member of the American Society of Industrial Security and the FBI-DHS Domestic Security Alliance Council. Administrator Elliot’s background and experience suggests that he is well-positioned to lead PHMSA, the federal agency responsible for ensuring the safe transportation of energy products by truck, rail, vessel or pipeline.

The same can be said of Elliot’s new deputy, Drue Pearce, who became PHMSA’s newly appointed deputy administrator. Pearce previously served as the federal coordinator for Alaskan Natural Gas Transportation Projects and as an official in the Department of Interior during the George W. Bush administration.

She also served as a member of PHMSA’s Technical Pipeline Safety Standards Committee, the federal advisory committee that reviews PHMSA’s proposed pipeline safety regulations, and as a member of the Alaska House of Representatives and Alaska State Senate. Pearce’s prior public service and familiarity with the pipeline industry leaves her well-prepared to assume a significant role at PHMSA, particularly on pipeline safety matters. …

March 22, 2018

Thoughts on the Tax Code’s New ‘Harvey Weinstein Rule’

The Legal Intelligencer

(by John McCreary)

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 inserted a new subsection (q) into Section 162 of the Internal Revenue Code which denies deductions for payments made in settlements of sexual harassment or sexual abuse cases, and “related” attorney fees, when those settlements are subject to a confidentiality agreement: “(q) Payments related to sexual harassment and sexual abuse. No deduction shall be allowed under this chapter for:

  • Any settlement or payment related to sexual harassment or sexual abuse if such a settlement or payment is subject to a nondisclosure agreement, or
  • Attorney fees related to such a settlement or payment.”

This provision was added by amendment in the Senate and accepted by the House in the final enactment.

The Conference Committee Report (the report) on the amendment does not disclose the rationale for the change, but it is safe to infer that it was inspired by the sordid revelations about widespread sexual harassment that were making headlines when it was passed on Dec. 20, 2017. See, e.g., https://www.ajc.com/news/world/from-weinstein-lauer-timeline-2017-sexual-harassment-scandals/qBKJmUSZRJqgOzeB9yN2JK/ (published on Dec. 19, 2017). The report contains no interpretive guidance on the meaning of “related to” as used in the statute, nor does it define what is meant by a “nondisclosure agreement.” The report simply notes that while Section 162 generally allows for the deduction of “ordinary and necessary” business expenses, various subsections disallow deductions for certain payments, such as portions of damages awarded under antitrust laws, illegal bribes or kickbacks, and criminal fines. In reaction to the headlines Congress has concluded that confidential payments resolving sexual harassment claims can no longer be considered “ordinary and necessary.”

As with many efforts by Congress to provide quick fixes to perceived problems, the unintended consequences of this quick fix will likely create more uncertainty and controversy than will be resolved. …

March 13, 2018

Developments to watch: Shale Appalachian Basin

The PIOGA Press

(by Kevin Garber, Blaine Lucas, Keith Coyle, and Jay Hammond)

Driven by demand growth in the industrial and electric generation sectors as well as expanding pipeline and liquefied natural gas export volumes, U.S. natural gas consumption is expected to reach record levels this year. However, production also is forecast to soar to new heights, partly as a result of increasing associated natural gas production in tight oil resource plays.

According to U.S. Energy Information Administration projections, dry natural gas production will increase by 6.7 Bcf a day in 2018, outpacing estimated year-over-year demand growth. Expecting surging supplies to likely translate into relatively low dry natural gas prices for some time, Appalachian Basin natural gas producers continue to work to reduce costs and improve efficiency, while taking advantage of attractive opportunities.

From a business perspective, oil field services remain a primary point of focus for Marcellus and Utica operators in their efforts to reduce costs and improve efficiency, with service providers delivering innovative products to make more productive wells at a lower cost per unit of production. Furthermore, shale gas producers remain focused on consolidating their activities geographically, including selling noncore assets to smaller (often largely debt-financed) operators looking for particular assets less attractive to larger operators (including shallow oil and, in certain circumstances, liquids from shale).

Consolidation continues apace in the shallow conventional natural gas production industry as well. Apart from joint ventures, acreage swaps and other traditional transactions, shale gas producers in the Appalachian region are also pursuing more novel operational strategies to reduce costs and increase profits despite relatively steady natural gas prices. These strategies include new makeup water delivery systems, pad sharing, colocation of facilities and other efforts to reduce duplication of operational outlay. …

March 9, 2018

Wage Hour Division Announces PAID Program to Assist with FLSA Compliance

Employment and Labor Alert

(by John A. McCreary, Stephen A. Antonelli, and Molly E. Meacham)

On March 6, 2018, the Wage and Hour Division of the U.S. Department of Labor (WHD) announced a new pilot program, the Payroll Audit Independent Determination (PAID) program, which is intended to encourage employers to identify and correct potentially non-compliant practices.

According to DOL’s Q&A page on the PAID program (https://www.dol.gov/whd/PAID/#4) “The PAID program provides a framework for proactive resolution of potential overtime and minimum wage violations under the FLSA. The program’s primary objectives are to resolve such claims expeditiously and without litigation, to improve employers’ compliance with overtime and minimum wage obligations, and to ensure that more employees receive the back wages they are owed—faster.”

PAID will cover potential violations of the FLSA’s overtime and minimum wage requirements, including violations based on alleged “off-the-clock” work, failures to pay overtime at one-and-one-half times the regular rate of pay, or misclassification of employees as exempt from the FLSA’s minimum wage and overtime requirements. Under the program, employers may self-audit their FLSA compliance, and where violations are discovered it must:

i. specifically identify the potential violations,

ii. identify which employees were affected,

iii. identify the timeframes in which each employee was affected, and

iv. calculate the amount of back wages the employer believes are owed to each employee.

Once these calculations are concluded, the employer will contact WHD to discuss the issues for which it seeks resolution. Unless WHD denies the employer’s request to participate in the program at the outset (which could happen, for example, if the employer is already engaged in litigation over a challenged pay practice), WHD will then inform the employer of the manner in which the employer must submit required information, including the following:

i. …

March 6, 2018

The Clean Water Act goes underground: An Analysis and implications of the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Hawai’i Wildlife Fund v. County of Maui

Trends

(by Gary Steinbauer)

On February 1, 2018, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Court in Hawai’i Wildlife Fund v. County of Maui, No. 15-17447 (9th Cir.), held that the Clean Water Act (CWA or Act) regulates point source discharges that travel indirectly through groundwater to a jurisdictional surface water—that is, a navigable “water of the United States.” Maui is the first federal appellate court decision in a recent wave of citizen suits by environmental groups relying on the so-called “groundwater conduit” theory of CWA liability. The Fourth Circuit and Sixth Circuit are poised to weigh in next and, in the wake of the Maui decision, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) opened a 90-day public comment period on whether it should clarify or revise its own past statements on the theory and whether it is consistent with the text, structure, and purposes of the CWA. 83 Fed. Reg. 7126 (Feb. 20, 2018).

Ninth Circuit requires National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit for underground injection of wastewater

In Maui, environmental groups sued the county alleging that it violated the CWA when treated sanitary effluent it injected into four permitted underground injection wells traveled some distance through groundwater to the Pacific Ocean. The results of a tracer dye test performed by EPA, as well as other federal and state agencies, showed that 84 days after the dye was injected into two of the county’s four wells, the dye emerged from submarine seeps along the ocean floor a half-mile away. The county’s treated sanitary wastewater reportedly represented one out of every seven gallons of groundwater that entered the ocean near the wastewater treatment plant. …

February 23, 2018

Regulatory Reform Bills in Pennsylvania’s House of Representatives

Environmental Alert

(by Jean M. Mosites and Kevin J. Garber)

Over the past several months, members of Pennsylvania’s House of Representatives have introduced bills to address and eliminate regulatory inefficiencies and burdens that affect both individuals and businesses across the Commonwealth. The bills are part of a regulatory reform package included in the House State Government Committee’s Regulatory Overreach Report, released in mid-January, 2018 by committee chair Daryl Metcalfe (R, Butler). These bills, if enacted into law, would significantly change the way regulations are promulgated, revised and enforced in Pennsylvania.

These state efforts complement recent federal executive and legislative actions on regulatory reform. Shortly after taking office, President Trump issued two regulatory reform executive orders: (1) Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs (E.O. 13771), also known as the two-for-one executive order, which requires agencies to propose two existing rules for repeal for each additional rule promulgated in and after fiscal year 2017; and (2) Enforcing the Regulatory Reform Agenda (E.O. 13777), which requires federal agencies to designate a Regulatory Reform Officer charged with reviewing and making recommendations for the repeal, replacement, or modification of existing regulations. These executive orders address regulatory reform broadly and the long-term impact remains to be seen. There are several other examples where President Trump has issued executive orders targeting specific regulations or rules promulgated during the Obama administration.

In early 2017, Congress used the Congressional Review Act (CRA), which generally authorizes Congress to repeal any rule within 60 calendar days after promulgation, to repeal 14 Obama-era rules, including changes to the stream protection rule under the Office of Surface Mining and to the Bureau of Land Management’s planning procedures. …

February 21, 2018

What’s Emerging in the Drinking Water?

The Voice 

(by Alana E. Fortna)

Contaminated water supplies are causing quite the stir and creating headlines in local newspapers across the country. The increased attention and scrutiny is due to the detection of unregulated substances that may pose a risk to human health or the environment, referred to as “emerging contaminants.” An “emerging contaminant” is a chemical or material characterized by a perceived, potential, or real threat to human health or the environment, or by a lack of a published health standard.

Emerging contaminants do not have a federal maximum contaminant level for drinking water, surface water, or groundwater under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Maximum contaminant levels are one of the factors considered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) when evaluating the appropriate remedial action at a contaminated groundwater site. Unless a state has promulgated a standard to address the particular emerging contaminant, water purveyors, companies performing remediation work, and environmental consultants can find themselves in a state of uncertainty regarding compliance for remediation projects.

So how does the EPA address emerging contaminants? Currently, the EPA issues non-binding health advisories that are sometimes used as default cleanup levels when there are no binding standards (i.e., maximum contaminant levels). There are problems with this approach, such as a lack of collaboration with states and municipalities when prioritizing contaminants for health advisories, a lack of communication with water purveyors, and a lack of clarification regarding the difference between a health advisory and a maximum contaminant level. In addition to health advisories, emerging contaminants are often placed on the contaminant candidate list, which is a list of unregulated contaminants that mayrequire regulation under the SDWA. However, the presence of these contaminants in the environment may already be widespread, and the promulgation process can be lengthy, as the regulators try to determine the safe level of exposure for these contaminants. …

February 15, 2018

Commonwealth Court Addresses Zoning of Short-Term Rentals

The Legal Intelligencer

(by Krista-Ann M. Staley and Amie L. Courtney)

Whether you are a property owner interested in offering a room as a short-term rental, a resident opposed to short-term rentals in your neighborhood, or a municipal official hearing from concerned residents of either opinion, you should be aware that unclear zoning regulations can cause significant roadblocks for all sides of the debate.

Whether you are a property owner interested in offering a room as a short-term rental, a resident opposed to short-term rentals in your neighborhood, or a municipal official hearing from concerned residents of either opinion, you should be aware that unclear zoning regulations can cause significant roadblocks for all sides of the debate. The Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court has addressed these roadblocks in several cases, recently adding Reihner v. City of Scranton Zoning Hearing Board, No. 256 C.D. 2017 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2017) to its growing line of cases involving the application of ambiguous zoning regulations to short-term residential rentals. The uptick in these cases reflects the increased popularity of the trend, expanded by online sites such as Air BnB, VRBO, and HomeAway that connect travelers with local residents or homeowners that want to rent rooms or residences for short-term stays.

Reihner, along with its predecessors, originated with a notice of violation issued in response to neighbor complaints about the use of a single-family home, or portion thereof, as a short-term rental property. Critically, in each of these cases, the municipality had not amended its zoning ordinance to address short-term rentals. Rather, each municipality relied on existing regulations and terms as the basis for enforcement. In each case, the Commonwealth Court determined that the treatment of the newly popular rental activity was ambiguous under the existing applicable zoning regulations, and that Section 603 of the Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code requires interpretation of ambiguous terms in a zoning ordinance to be in favor of the property owner, i.e. …

February 7, 2018

The Clean Water Rule is delayed in response to U.S. Supreme Court decision

The PIOGA Press

(by Lisa M. Bruderly and Gary E. Steinbauer)

On February 6, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Army Corps of Engineers published a final rule delaying implementation of the Obama administration’s 2015 Clean Water Rule (CWR)— a landmark rule revising the definition of “waters of the United States” (WOTUS) that arguably expanded the scope of the federal government’s authority under several regulatory programs, including those associated with wastewater discharges and dredge/fill activities under the Clean Water Act (CWA).

The February 6 final rule delays implementation of the CWR until February 6, 2020. 83 Fed. Reg. 5200. The final rule delaying implementation of the CWR is a significant step in the Trump administration’s efforts to reconsider the Obama administration’s revised definition of WOTUS. Meanwhile, the pre-2015 WOTUS regulatory regime, which has been criticized by many as inefficient and inconsistent, remains in place.

Supreme Court decision forced agencies to quickly delay applicability of CWR

The agencies’ rule delaying implementation of the CWR was finalized less than two weeks after the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense, et al., No. 16-299 (Jan. 22, 2018) (NAM), which started a countdown for the expiration of a nationwide judicial stay of the CWR. In NAM, the Supreme Court held that federal district courts, as opposed to federal appellate courts, were the appropriate forums for the legal challenges to the CWR. Once the Supreme Court’s decision takes effect, the nationwide stay of the CWR, imposed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in October 2015, will be lifted and more than a dozen federal district lawsuits challenging the CWR will be revived. …

February 6, 2018

The Underground Reach of the Clean Water Act: It’s Not Just for Surface Water

Environmental Legal Perspective

(by Robert M. Stonestreet and Lisa M. Bruderly)

Since its enactment in 1972, the federal agencies who administer the Clean Water Act (the Act), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the United States Army Corps of Engineers (the Corps), have taken the position that the definition of “waters of the United States” governed by the Act (also known as “jurisdictional waters”) does not include groundwater. Regulation of groundwater therefore falls outside the scope of the Act.

In 2014, the Obama administration proposed the Clean Water Rule to clarify the definition of jurisdictional waters. Both the proposed and final versions of the Clean Water Rule, which was issued in 2015 and is currently suspended, note that EPA and the Corps “have never interpreted the ‘waters of the United States’ to include groundwater.” In fact, the Clean Water Rule clearly states “groundwater, including groundwater drained through subsurface drainage systems” does not qualify as “waters of the United States.” Nothing in the Clean Water Act precludes state governments from regulating groundwater under their own programs as a “water of the state,” which many states have done.

Since the Clean Water Act does not apply to groundwater, a federal Clean Water Act discharge permit (known as an NPDES permit) should not be required to discharge into groundwater, right? Not necessarily. What happens when materials discharged into groundwater later reach a jurisdictional water such as a stream or ocean? Federal district courts that have wrestled with this issue disagree. Certain district courts have concluded that an NPDES permit is not required under these circumstances. Other district courts have ruled that the Act does apply, and therefore pollutants discharged into groundwater without an NPDES permit violate the Act if those pollutants reach a jurisdictional water. …

February 1, 2018

Pa. Employers Must Prepare for Potential Sweeping Changes to State Overtime Rules

The Legal Intelligencer 

(by Stephen L. Korbel)

For Pennsylvania employers, Gov. Tom Wolf’s recent announcement regarding sweeping changes to Pennsylvania’s overtime pay regulations is déjà vu all over again. Most employers will recall the concern, confusion and litigation that followed the Obama administration’s attempt in 2016 to nearly double the federal minimum salary levels exemption from overtime pay from $23,360 to $47,476. On Jan. 17, 2018, Wolf announced that the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry will issue proposed regulations in March that will increase the minimum salary level to determine overtime eligibility and will “clarify” the duties test for executive, administrative and professional employees. If the proposed regulatory changes become final, it will be the first time in more than 40 years that Pennsylvania has updated its overtime regulations.

Wolf directed the department to phase in regulatory changes to the minimum salary levels over four years. If enacted, the first stage will raise the salary level to determine overtime eligibility for most workers from the federal minimum of $455 per week, $23,660 annually, to $610 per week, $31,720 annually. The first stage will take effect on Jan. 1, 2020. The minimum salary level will increase to $39,832 on Jan. 1, 2021, followed by an increase to $47,892 in 2022. The Wolf administration estimates that the salary level changes will extend overtime eligibility to 370,000 workers in 2020 and up to 460,000 workers in 2022. Also, following the implementation of the final phase of the new salary level to $47,892 in 2022, the Wolf administration proposed that the minimum salary level automatically update every three years. The first automatic increase would not likely occur until Jan. 1, 2025. At this point, the Wolf administration has not provided any indication as to the manner in which the automatic salary level increase will be calculated or otherwise determined. …

January 30, 2018

Pennsylvania legislature attempts to inject new life into expired oil and gas leases

The PIOGA Press 

(by Nicholas J. Habursky)

On October 30, Governor Tom Wolf signed House Bill 74, which amended the Pennsylvania Fiscal Code. The 90-page bill included Section 1610-E, entitled “Temporary Cessation of Oil and Gas Wells,” which codified certain rights of oil and gas lessors and lessees to extend leases during periods of temporary cessation of production. This article explores how traditional savings clauses found in leases and existing legal precedent may be impacted by Section 1610-E, and provides an analysis of potential challenges arising out of the application of this new law.

The new law provides:

Section 1610-E: Temporary Cessation of Oil and Gas Wells

“(a) General rule.–An oil and gas lessor shall be deemed to acknowledge that a period of nonproduction under an oil and gas lease is a temporary cessation insufficient to terminate the lease and the lessor waives his right to seek lease termination upon those grounds if, prior to claiming the lease has terminated:

(1) production is recommenced and the lessor accepts royalty payments for the production. Any first royalty payment following recommencement of production after a period of more than one year of inactivity shall be accompanied by an explanation, in plain terms, that acceptance of the royalty payment shall constitute acknowledgment of an existing lease with the operator; or (2) the operator, after notifying the lessor of its intent to drill a new well and giving the lessor 90 days within which to object, drills a new well under the lease.

(b) Lease provisions.–Nothing in this section is intended to waive lease requirements related to commencement of operations during a lease’s primary term or affect a lease provision expressly providing for lease termination following a fixed period of nonproduction.”

Savings clauses preventing lease termination

Traditional Pennsylvania oil and gas leases typically terminate upon the: i) expiration of the primary term unless the lease entered its secondary term; …

January 25, 2018

U.S. Supreme Court Decision Revives Multiple Federal District Court Lawsuits Challenging the Clean Water Rule

Environmental Alert

(by Lisa M. Bruderly and Gary E. Steinbauer)

On January 22, 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously held that lawsuits challenging the Obama administration’s 2015 Clean Water Rule (Rule) – a landmark revision to the definition of “waters of the United States” (WOTUS) that arguably expanded the scope of the federal government’s authority under several regulatory programs, including those associated with wastewater discharges and dredge/fill activities under the Clean Water Act (CWA) – must be filed in federal district courts instead of the federal courts of appeal. Nat’l Assoc. of Mfrs. v. Dept. of Def., No. 16-299 (Jan. 22, 2018) (NAM). While the Supreme Court’s decision in NAM did not address the merits of the lawsuits challenging the Rule, it did determine the appropriate forum for those legal challenges.

The decision is significant because it will end the nationwide judicial stay of the Rule, dismiss all appellate-level judicial challenges, and revive more than a dozen federal district court lawsuits challenging the Rule filed by more than 100 parties, including industry groups and 31 states. Among other considerations, the revival of the numerous federal district court cases increases the likelihood that the Rule will be inconsistently interpreted across the United States and lengthens the amount of time before a challenge to the merits of the Rule could reach the Supreme Court. For example, one of the federal district courts with a pending challenge to the Rule previously held that it had jurisdiction and stayed the Rule in 13 states. North Dakota v. U.S. EPA, No. 3:15-cv-59 (D.N.D. August 27, 2015) (staying the Rule in Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming). …

January 23, 2018

The Pittsburgh Life Sciences Greenhouse Partners with Babst Calland to Assist Startups

Legal Services for Incorporation and Standard Business Agreements

The Pittsburgh Life Sciences Greenhouse (PLSG) has partnered with local law firm Babst Calland to offer startup companies in the PLSG portfolio access to legal assistance regarding certain corporate governance work and drafting of certain standard business agreements, under a flat fee arrangement*. This

Flat Fee Program is available to individuals and entities that come through PLSG for investment and development.

Under the Flat Fee program, Babst Calland can assist with:
• Incorporating a business, including preparing and filing with the Department of State the Articles of Incorporation, as well as preparation of other required documents.
• Assisting with the establishment of a single-member limited liability company, including the preparation and filing of a Certificate of Organization with the Department of State, and the preparation of an Operating Agreement.
• Preparing certain standard business agreements, including: (1) confidentiality agreement/non-disclosure agreement; (2) employment agreement/noncompete agreement.

“Our team can provide efficient and effective legal assistance to help companies new and old navigate the day-to-day issues commonly faced by businesses, and we look forward to working with PLSG and its exciting portfolio of emerging life sciences companies,” said Alana Fortna of Babst Calland. “The life sciences space is essential to the continued growth of our region.”

“PLSG believes in the mission of helping regional life sciences companies achieve successful commercialization, and Babst Calland’s offer to bring its legal expertise and insight to bear on behalf of our startups for a flat fee is both incredibly valuable and very much appreciated,” said Jim Jordan, PLSG President and CEO. “By developing this Flat Fee Program with Babst Calland, we can make sure that our companies have experienced counsel at a predictable cost.”

The PLSG kicks off this new program by giving away one free legal service* at a drawing during its B2B event, “Start-ups: Why and when to hire a lawyer?” scheduled from 5:30 to 6:30 p.m., Thursday, January 25, at PLSG offices on the South Side, featuring guest speakers Alana Fortna and Ben Milleville from Babst Calland. …

January 10, 2018

Babst Calland Names Milleville, Rorabaugh and Tysiak Shareholders

Babst Calland recently named Benjamin W. Milleville, Elena L. Rorabaugh and Nikolas E. Tysiak shareholders in the Firm.

Benjamin W. Milleville, a member of the Firm’s Corporate and Commercial Group, advises businesses and nonprofit organizations on corporate and transactional matters, including mergers and acquisitions, reorganizations, joint ventures, commercial contracts, governance matters, compliance, and real estate transactions.  Mr. Milleville advises businesses of varying size and complexity, and at various points in their lifecycles.  In his role as outsourced corporate counsel to a multinational public company, he counsels senior management in the U.S. and abroad on a broad range of legal matters.  Mr. Milleville also advises entrepreneurs and startup businesses on the legal issues faced by emerging companies, including business structuring and protection of intellectual property.  In his nonprofit practice, Mr. Milleville counsels clients, including charitable organizations and trade associations, on obtaining and maintaining tax-exempt status, nonprofit governance, and nonprofit mergers and strategic alliances.

Mr. Milleville is a 2008 graduate of the University of Pittsburgh School of Law.

Elena L. Rorabaugh, a member of the Firm’s Energy and Natural Resources Group, is experienced in assisting oil and gas companies navigate the legal obstacles involved with exploration and production. Her practice focuses on energy, oil, gas and mineral-related transaction matters, including title examination and title curative work. Ms. Rorabaugh also counsels clients with respect to the acquisition and disposition of oil and gas properties and has experience in all aspects of title due diligence.  Ms. Rorabaugh also has experience representing E&P, midstream and other energy companies in mergers and acquisitions, and she counsels clients on a variety of business and corporate transactional matters.

Ms. Rorabaugh is a 2009 graduate of Duquesne University School of Law.

Nikolas E. …

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